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Current Molecular Medicine
Current Molecular Medicine
Tuesday, November 1, 2016
Highlighted Article: High-Dose Linoleic Acid Activated JAK2-STAT3 Signaling Pathway Involved in Cytokine Production and Lipogenesis in Pancreatic Exocrine Cells
High-Dose Linoleic Acid Activated JAK2-STAT3 Signaling Pathway Involved in Cytokine Production and Lipogenesis in Pancreatic Exocrine Cells
Author(s):
F. Zhu, Y. Guan and R. Zhang Pages 668 - 676 ( 9 )
Abstract:
Background: Linoleic acid has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. However, molecular mechanisms underlying adverse effects of large-dose linoleic acid remain unclear. Current study aimed to explore the impact of high-dose linoleic acid on the activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, cytokine production, and lipogenesis in pancreatic exocrine cells.
Methods: MTT assay was used to detect the viability of AR42J rat pancreatic exocrine cells, and lactate dehydrogenase assay was utilized to detect cytotoxicity. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected by ELISA, and protein expression of JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, p- STAT3, and fatty acid synthase (FAS) was examined by Western Blot. The impact of highdose linoleic acid on JAK2-STAT3 pathway was also examined when JAK2 was inhibited by AG490, and STAT3 expression was interrupted by siRNA.
Results: The cell viability of AR42J rat pancreatic exocrine cells was inhibited, and cytotoxicity was increased by high-dose linoleic acid. JAK2 and STAT3 proteins in pancreatic exocrine cells were activated by high-dose linoleic acid via phosphorylation and nuclear localization of phosphorylated STAT3. Moreover, the expression of downstream proteins in JAK2-STAT3 pathway (IL-6, TNF-α and FAS) was up-regulated by high-dose linoleic acid. The increased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α caused by high-dose linoleic acid were attenuated by JAK2 inhibitor AG490. p-JAK2 protein was up-regulated, whereas p-STAT3, STAT3 and FAS proteins were down-regulated by high-dose linoleic acid in the presence of STAT3-siRNA.
Conclusion: The cytotoxicity was increased and JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway was activated by high-dose linoleic acid through cytokine production and lipogenesis in rat pancreatic exocrine cells.
Keywords:
JAK2, STAT3, linoleic acid, cytokines, fatty acid synthase.
Affiliation:
Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 150 Jimo Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China.
For More Information Please Visit Our Website Current Molecular Medicine
Monday, October 24, 2016
Most Cited Article: Emerging Role for αB-Crystallin as a Therapeutic Agent: Pros and Cons
Emerging Role for
αB-Crystallin as a Therapeutic Agent: Pros and Cons
Author(s):
V.S. Reddy and G.B. ReddyPages 47-61 (15)
Abstract:
HSPB5 or αB-crystallin (αBC) is a major protein of the vertebrate eye lens belonging to the small heat-shock protein family of proteins that respond to various stressful conditions. αBC also is found outside the lens in various non-ocular tissues and acts as a molecular chaperone by preventing aggregation of proteins, inhibits apoptosis and inflammation, and maintains cytoskeletal architecture. The αBC protein is phosphorylated on three serine residues S59, S45, and S19, and several functions of αBC are modulated by phosphorylation. Numerous studies have revealed the upregulation of αBC in pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, diabetes, retinal diseases, cataracts, ischemia/repurfusion, aging, and others. However, it is unknown whether the up-regulation of αBC is causative or protective for these pathological conditions. Although αBC has been shown to provide a protective effect in neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, diabetes, and retinal diseases, other studies have described a deleterious role of αBC in cancers and pulmonary fibrosis. The therapeutic potential of αBC alone or in combination with αA-crystallin has been reported. Acetylated αBC peptides have been shown to be more potent than native αBC for chaperone as well as therapeutic activities using both in vitro and in vivo models. Further, for efficient delivery of α BC into cells, carrier molecules such as polylacticcoglycolic acid, polycaprolactone and cell penetration peptides have been used. In this review, we have summarized current data from emerging and exciting studies of the therapeutic strategies of α BC and α BC peptides and the efficient delivery strategies of these proteins in various disease models, including neurodegenerative diseases, retinal diseases, platelet aggregation, inflammation, and ischemia.
Keywords:
αB-crystallin, chaperone, stress, disease,
therapeutic activity, peptide.
Affiliation:
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500
007, India.
For More Information Please Visit Out Website Current Molecular Medicine
Tuesday, October 18, 2016
Serum miRNAs Signature Plays an Important Role in Keloid Disease
Article Details
Serum miRNAs Signature Plays an Important Role in Keloid Disease
Author(s):
Y. Luan, Y. Liu, C. Liu, Q. Lin, F. He, X.
Dong and Z. XiaoPages 504-514 (11)
Abstract:
The molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of keloid is largely unknown. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of small regulatory RNA that has emerged as a group of posttranscriptional gene repressors, participating in diverse pathophysiological processes of skin diseases. We investigated the expression profiles of miRNAs in the sera of patients to decipher the complicated factors involved in the development of keloid disease. MiRNA expression profiling in the sera from 9 keloid patients and 7 normal controls were characterized using a miRNA microarray containing established human mature and precursor miRNA sequences. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to confirm the expression of miRNAs. The putative targets of differentially expressed miRNAs were functionally annotated by bioinformatics. MiRNA microarray analysis identified 37 differentially expressed miRNAs (17 upregulated and 20 downregulated) in keloid patients, compared to the healthy controls. Functional annotations revealed that the targets of those differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched in signaling pathways essential for scar formation and wound healing. The expression profiling of miRNAs is altered in the keloid, providing a clue for the molecular mechanisms underlying its initiation and progression. MiRNAs may partly contribute to the etiology of keloids by affecting the critical signaling pathways relevant to keloid pathogenesis.
Keywords:
Keloid, microRNA, serum, pathogenesis, scar,
etiology.
Affiliation:
BRC1217C, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research
Center, 975 NE 10th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA., Department of Plastic
and Aesthetic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University,
Harbin 150086, People’s Republic of China.
For More information Please Visit Our Website Current Molecular Medicine
Sunday, October 9, 2016
Recently Published Issue of the Journal Current Molecular Medicine
Current Molecular Medicine is an interdisciplinary journal focused on providing the readership with current and comprehensive reviews, original research articles, short communications/letters and drug clinical trial studies on fundamental molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, the development of molecular-diagnosis and/or novel approaches to rational treatment. The reviews should be of significant interest to basic researchers and clinical investigators in molecular medicine. Periodically the journal invites guest editors to devote an issue on a basic research area that shows promise to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of a disease or has potential for clinical applications.
Following are the articles recently published in the journal Current Molecular Medicine, 14 Issue 10:
Author(s): Shao-Jun Liu and Ya-Ping Zhang
Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry & Developmental Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University,
Author(s): P. Czypiorski, J. Altschmied, L.L. Rabanter, C. Goy, S. Jakob. and J. Haendeler
Affiliation: Heisenberg-Group Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
Author(s): Z. Luo, W. Zeng, W. Tang, T. Long, J. Zhang, X. Xie, Y. Kuang, M. Chen, J. Su and X. Chen
Affiliation: (X. Chen) Department of Dermatology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
Article: Evaluating the Susceptibility of Mitochondrial DNA Germline Mutations in Chinese Cancer Patients
Author(s): J. Liu, L.-Y. Xu, R.-L. Li, E.-M. Li and Q.-P. Kong
Affiliation: (Q.-P. Kong) State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
Author(s): L. Zhong, J. Tang, Q.-P. Kong, C. Sun, W.-P. Zhou, M. Yang, Y.-G. Yao and Y.-P. Zhang
Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
Author(s): D. Chen, Y. Li, H. Li, K. Wang, S. Du, W. Chu and J. Zhang
Affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, 98 Hongshanqiao Rd., Changsha 410003, China.
Author(s): T. Ning, J. Li, K. Lin, H. Xiao, S. Wylie, S. Hua, H. Li and Y.-P. Zhang
Affiliation: (H. Li) CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Author(s): J. Wang, L.-Y. Peng, C.-P. You, Q.-L. Li, M. Wen, S.-J. Liu and Y.-H. Hong
Affiliation: (S.-J. Liu) Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry & Developmental Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
Author(s): L.-Y. Peng, J. Wang, M. Tao, C.-P. You, L. Ye, J. Xiao, C. Zhang, Y. Liu and S.-J. Liu
Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
Author(s): C.-P. You, R.-R. Zhao, J. Hu, S.-J. Liu, M. Tao, C. Zhang, Y.-B. Chen, Q.-B. Qin, J. Xiao, W. Duan and Y. Liu
Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry & Developmental Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
Author(s): W. Ma, Z.-H. Zhu, X.-Y. Bi, R.W. Murphy, S.-Y. Wang, Y. Gao, H. Xiao, Y.-P. Zhang and J. Luo
Affiliation: Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
For details, please visit: http://benthamscience.com/journal/index.php?journalID=cmm
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Tuesday, October 4, 2016
Editor’s Choice Article from the Journal Current Molecular Medicine
Complex Evolutionary Patterns Revealed by Mitochondrial Genomes of the Domestic Horse
Author(s): T. Ning, J. Li, K. Lin, H. Xiao, S. Wylie, S. Hua, H. Li and Y.-P. Zhang
Affiliation: (H. Li) CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Abstract
The domestic horse is the most widely used and important stock and recreational animal, valued for its strength and endurance. The energy required by the domestic horse is mainly supplied by mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, selection may have played an essential role in the evolution of the horse mitochondria. Besides, demographic events also affect the DNA polymorphic pattern on mitochondria. To understand the evolutionary patterns of the mitochondria of the domestic horse, we used a deep sequencing approach to obtain the complete sequences of 15 mitochondrial genomes, and four mitochondrial gene sequences, ND6, ATP8, ATP6 and CYTB, collected from 509, 363, 363 and 409 domestic horses, respectively. Evidence of strong substitution rate heterogeneity was found at nonsynonymous sites across the genomes. Signatures of recent positive selection on mtDNA of domestic horse were detected. Specifically, five amino acids in the four mitochondrial genes were identified as the targets of positive selection. Coalescentbased simulations imply that recent population expansion is the most probable explanation for the matrilineal population history for domestic horse. Our findings reveal a complex pattern of non-neutral evolution of the mitochondrial genome in the domestic horses.
Download: http://benthamscience.com/journal/abstracts.php?journalID=cmm&articleID=126582
courtesy by : Bentham Insight
Recently Published Issue of the Journal Letters in Current Molecular Medicine
Current Molecular Medicine is an interdisciplinary journal focused on providing the readership with current and comprehensive reviews, original research articles, short communications/letters and drug clinical trial studies on fundamental molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, the development of molecular-diagnosis and/or novel approaches to rational treatment. The reviews should be of significant interest to basic researchers and clinical investigators in molecular medicine. Periodically the journal invites guest editors to devote an issue on a basic research area that shows promise to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of a disease or has potential for clinical applications.
Following are the articles from the journal Letters in Current Molecular Medicine, 15 issue 3:
Article: Editorial (Thematic Issue: Elucidating Mechanisms for Mental Disorders: From Specific Molecules to Pathology)
Author(s): Satoshi Kida, Akira Sawa and Kazutaka Ikeda
Article: Specific Roles of NMDA Receptor Subunits in Mental Disorders
Author(s): H. Yamamoto, Y. Hagino, S. Kasai and K. Ikeda
Article: Glutamate Signaling in Synaptogenesis and NMDA Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Psychiatric Disorders
Author(s): Y. Ohgi, T. Futamura and K. Hashimoto
Article: Neurobehavioral Differences Between Mice Receiving Distinct Neuregulin Variants as Neonates; Impact on Sensitivity to MK-801
Author(s): T. Kato, Y. Abe, S. Hirokawa, Y. Iwakura, M. Mizuno, H. Namba and H. Nawa
Article: Region-Specific Dendritic Spine Loss of Pyramidal Neurons in Dopamine Transporter Knockout Mice
Author(s): Y. Kasahara, Y. Arime, F.S. Hall, G.R. Uhl and I. Sora
Article: Improvement of Learning and Increase in Dopamine Level in the Frontal Cortex by Methylphenidate in Mice Lacking Dopamine Transporter
Author(s): Y. Takamatsu, Y. Hagino, A. Sato, T. Takahashi, S.Y. Nagasawa, Y. Kubo, M. Mizuguchi, G.R. Uhl, I. Sora and K. Ikeda
Article: Possible Involvement of Muscarinic Receptors in Psychiatric Disorders: A Focus on Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders
Author(s): B. Dean and E. Scarr
Article: The Piccolo Intronic Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs13438494 Regulates Dopamine and Serotonin Uptake and Shows Associations with Dependence-Like Behavior in Genomic Association Study
Author(s): K. Uno, D. Nishizawa, S. Seo, K. Takayama, S. Matsumura, N. Sakai, K. Ohi, T. Nabeshima, R. Hashimoto, N. Ozaki, J. Hasegawa, N. Sato, F. Tanioka, H. Sugimura, K.-I.- Fukuda, S. Higuchi, H. Ujike, T. Inada, N. Iwata, I. Sora, M. Iyo, N. Kondo, M.-J. Won, N. Naruse, K. Uehara-Aoyama, M. Itokawa, M. Yamada, K. Ikeda, Y. Miyamoto and A. Nitta
Article: Purinergic Signaling and Energy Homeostasis in Psychiatric Disorders
Author(s): D. Lindberg, D. Shan, J. Ayers-Ringler, A. Oliveros, J. Benitez, M. Prieto, R. McCullumsmith and D.-S. Choi
For details, please visit: http://bit.ly/1FnFNIH
courtesy by : Bentham Insight
Current Molecular Medicine Volume 16 Issue 4
Current Molecular Medicine is an interdisciplinary journal focused on providing the readership with current and comprehensive reviews, original research articles, short communications/letters and drug clinical trial studies on fundamental molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, the development of molecular-diagnosis and/or novel approaches to rational treatment. The reviews should be of significant interest to basic researchers and clinical investigators in molecular medicine. Periodically the journal invites guest editors to devote an issue on a basic research area that shows promise to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of a disease or has potential for clinical applications.
Articles from the journal Current Molecular Medicine, Volume 16 Issue 4:
- HOX Genes as Potential Markers of Circulating Tumour Cells
- Prostacyclin, Atherothrombosis and Diabetes Mellitus: Physiologic and Clinical Considerations
- The Impact of CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genomic Engineering on Biomedical Research and Medicine
- The High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1) Transcriptome in Cancer and Development
- VEGF Promotes Glycolysis in Pancreatic Cancer via HIF1α Up-Regulation
- MBD1 is an Epigenetic Regulator of KEAP1 in Pancreatic Cancer
- STAT3 Activation in Circulating Monocytes Contributes to Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- Higher Expression of NOD1 and NOD2 is Associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) Syndrome But Not Behcet’s Disease (BD)
For details on the articles, please visit this link :: http://bit.ly/1XvRM0E
courtesy by : Bentham Insight
High Impact Factor Journal:::Current Molecular Medicine
Current Molecular Medicine is an interdisciplinary journal focused on providing the readership with current and comprehensive reviews, original research articles, short communications/letters and drug clinical trial studies on fundamental molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, the development of molecular-diagnosis and/or novel approaches to rational treatment. The reviews should be of significant interest to basic researchers and clinical investigators in molecular medicine. Periodically the journal invites guest editors to devote an issue on a basic research area that shows promise to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of a disease or has potential for clinical applications.
Ranking and Category:
33rd of 123 in Medicine, Research & Experimental
courtesy by : Bentham Insight
Current Molecular Medicine – Open Access Article
“Molecular Diagnosis in Autoimmune Skin Blistering Conditions”
Abstract: Blister formation in skin and mucous membranes results from a loss of cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion and is a common outcome of pathological events in a variety of conditions, including autoimmune and genetic diseases, viral and bacterial infections, or injury by physical and chemical factors. Autoantibodies against structural components maintaining cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion induce tissue damage in autoimmune blistering diseases. Detection of these autoantibodies either tissue-bound or circulating in serum is essential to diagnose the autoimmune nature of disease. Various immunofluorescence methods as well as molecular immunoassays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting, belong to the modern diagnostic algorithms for these disorders. There is still a considerable need to increase awareness of the rare autoimmune blistering diseases, which often show a severe, chronic-relapsing course, among physicians and the public. This review article describes the immunopathological features of autoimmune bullous diseases and the molecular immunoassays currently available for their diagnosis and monitoring.
Read more here: http://benthamscience.com/journals/current-molecular-medicine/volume/14/issue/1/page/69/
courtesy by: Bentham Insight
Current Molecular Medicine
Current Molecular Medicine is an interdisciplinary journal focused on providing the readership with current and comprehensive reviews, original research articles, short communications/letters and drug clinical trial studies on fundamental molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, the development of molecular-diagnosis and/or novel approaches to rational treatment. The reviews should be of significant interest to basic researchers and clinical investigators in molecular medicine. Periodically the journal invites guest editors to devote an issue on a basic research area that shows promise to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of a disease or has potential for clinical applications.
Articles from the journal Current Molecular Medicine, Volume 16 Issue 1:
- Editorial: Look for Changes in 2016
- Development of New Therapeutic Agents for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
- Calreticulin in the Heart: From Embryological Development to Cardiac Pathology
- Modulation of intracellular pH in human ovarian cancer
- Vagus nerve stimulation in treating depression: A tale of two stories
- Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors: From the Oncogenic Pathway to Targeted Therapy
- Jade-1: its structure, regulation and functions in the renal cancer
- The Plasma microRNA miR-1914* and -1915 Suppresses Chemoresistant in Colorectal Cancer Patients by Down-regulating NFIX
- Metformin Restrains Pancreatic Duodenal Homeobox-1 (PDX-1) Function by Inhibiting ERK Signaling in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
- DREADD in Parvalbumin Interneurons of the Dentate Gyrus Modulates Anxiety, Social Interaction and Memory Extinction
For details on the articles, please visit this link :: http://bit.ly/1SeJMQ0
Courtesy by: Bentham Insight
Friday, August 19, 2016
Editor’s Choice Article from the Journal Current Molecular Medicine
Complex Evolutionary Patterns Revealed by Mitochondrial Genomes of the Domestic Horse
Author(s): T. Ning, J. Li, K. Lin, H. Xiao, S. Wylie, S. Hua, H. Li and Y.-P. Zhang
Affiliation: (H. Li) CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Abstract
The domestic horse is the most widely used and important stock and recreational animal, valued for its strength and endurance. The energy required by the domestic horse is mainly supplied by mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, selection may have played an essential role in the evolution of the horse mitochondria. Besides, demographic events also affect the DNA polymorphic pattern on mitochondria. To understand the evolutionary patterns of the mitochondria of the domestic horse, we used a deep sequencing approach to obtain the complete sequences of 15 mitochondrial genomes, and four mitochondrial gene sequences, ND6, ATP8, ATP6 and CYTB, collected from 509, 363, 363 and 409 domestic horses, respectively. Evidence of strong substitution rate heterogeneity was found at nonsynonymous sites across the genomes. Signatures of recent positive selection on mtDNA of domestic horse were detected. Specifically, five amino acids in the four mitochondrial genes were identified as the targets of positive selection. Coalescentbased simulations imply that recent population expansion is the most probable explanation for the matrilineal population history for domestic horse. Our findings reveal a complex pattern of non-neutral evolution of the mitochondrial genome in the domestic horses.
Download: http://benthamscience.com/journal/abstracts.php?journalID=cmm&articleID=126582
Courtesy by Bentham Insight
The domestic horse is the most widely used and important stock and recreational animal, valued for its strength and endurance. The energy required by the domestic horse is mainly supplied by mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, selection may have played an essential role in the evolution of the horse mitochondria. Besides, demographic events also affect the DNA polymorphic pattern on mitochondria. To understand the evolutionary patterns of the mitochondria of the domestic horse, we used a deep sequencing approach to obtain the complete sequences of 15 mitochondrial genomes, and four mitochondrial gene sequences, ND6, ATP8, ATP6 and CYTB, collected from 509, 363, 363 and 409 domestic horses, respectively. Evidence of strong substitution rate heterogeneity was found at nonsynonymous sites across the genomes. Signatures of recent positive selection on mtDNA of domestic horse were detected. Specifically, five amino acids in the four mitochondrial genes were identified as the targets of positive selection. Coalescentbased simulations imply that recent population expansion is the most probable explanation for the matrilineal population history for domestic horse. Our findings reveal a complex pattern of non-neutral evolution of the mitochondrial genome in the domestic horses.
Friday, June 24, 2016
Thymic Nurse Cells Participate in Heterotypic Internalization and Repertoire Selection of Immature Thymocytes; Their Removal from the Thymus of Autoimmune Animals May be Important to Disease Etiology
Author(s):
J. C. Guyden, M. Martinez, R. V.E. Chilukuri, V. Reid, F. Kelly and M. -O.D. SammsPages 828-835 (8)
Abstract:
Thymic nurse cells (TNCs) are specialized epithelial cells that reside in the thymic cortex. The initial report of their discovery in 1980 showed TNCs to contain up to 200 thymocytes within specialized vacuoles in their cytoplasm. Much has been reported since that time to determine the function of this heterotypic internalization event that exists between TNCs and developing thymocytes. In this review, we discuss the literature reported that describes the internalization event and the role TNCs play during T cell development in the thymus as well as why these multicellular complexes may be important in inhibiting the development of autoimmune diseases.
Keywords:
Thymic nurse cells, internalization, MHC restriction, lupus erythromatosus.
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, The City College of New York, MR-526, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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